
<h2 id="ophthalmic-artery-and-its-branches">Ophthalmic artery and its branches</h2>
<ul>
  <li>Orbital contents are mainly supplied by the ophthalmic artery and its branches</li>
  <li>
    Ophthalmic artery is the first branch from the internal carotid after it leaves the roof of the
    cavernous sinus
  </li>
  <li>Travels below the optic nerve in the optic canal, within dural sheath</li>
  <li>
    The central retinal artery (first branch) leaves while the ophthalmic lies inferolateral to the
    nerve
  </li>
  <ul>
    <li>The CRA continues below the nerve</li>
    <li>Pierces the dura 12mm behind the globe</li>
    <li>Gives off some small pial branches</li>
    <li>Then wraps around and passes above the optic nerve after entering the orbit</li>
  </ul>
</ul>
<ul>
  <li>The next branch is usually the lacrimal arising after the ophthalmic enters the orbit</li>
  <ul>
    <li>As above, this passes along the top of lateral rectus</li>
    <li>
      Supplies the lacrimal gland and gives rise to the lateral palpebral vessels (superior and
      inferior)
    </li>
  </ul>
</ul>
<ul>
  <li>
    The next are the posterior ciliary branches. These typically form as two initial branches which
    then divide into the long and short ciliary branches
  </li>
  <ul>
    <li>
      Long: paired long ciliary vessels pierce the sclera outside the circle of Zinn and travel in
      the suprachoroidal space to the ciliary body
    </li>
    <ul>
      <li>Contribute to major arterial arcade of the iris</li>
      <li>Supply the choroid anterior to the equator</li>
    </ul>
    <li>
      Short: short posterior ciliaries pierce the sclera around the optic nerve and form the
      anastomotic circle of Zinn supplying the intraocular part of the optic nerve
    </li>
    <ul>
      <li>
        Divide into 10-20 branches and the anterior branches supply the choroid posterior to the
        equator
      </li>
    </ul>
  </ul>
</ul>
<ul>
  <li>Subsequent branches are the muscular arteries</li>
  <ul>
    <li>
      Two arteries accompany each rectus muscles <strong>except </strong>the lateral rectus which
      receives just one
    </li>
    <li>
      These give rise to the anterior ciliary branches which supply the sclera and conjunctiva and
      contribute to the major arterial circle of the iris
    </li>
  </ul>
</ul>
<ul>
  <li>
    The supraorbital artery and posterior ethmoidal arteries arise after the ophthalmic artery
    passes over the optic nerve
  </li>
  <ul>
    <li>Supraorbital: muscles and skin of forehead</li>
    <li>Posterior ethmoidal: posterior ethmoidal sinuses and some intracranial meninges</li>
  </ul>
</ul>
<ul>
  <li>More anteriorly the anterior ethmoidal artery arises</li>
  <ul>
    <li>Supplies the anterior and middle ethmoidal and frontal sinuses</li>
  </ul>
</ul>
<ul>
  <li>Overall, the artery travels forward above medial rectus and below superior oblique</li>
  <li>At the trochlea, the medial palpebral arteries (superior and inferior) emerge</li>
  <li>Terminates in the dorsal nasal and supratrochlear (aka frontal) branches</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="vortex-veins">Vortex veins</h2>
<ul>
  <li>On average, there are 6 vortex veins in each eye</li>
  <li>They drain the venous system of the choroid</li>
  <li>They emerge from the sclera posterior to the equator</li>
  <li>There are no anastomoses with the vortex veins</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="inferior-ophthalmic-vein">Inferior ophthalmic vein</h2>
<ul>
  <li>Receives drainage from the facial and angular veins</li>
  <li>Has fewer tributaries than the superior ophthalmic vein</li>
  <li>Travels above inferior rectus</li>
  <li>
    May join the superior ophthalmic but more usually drains directly into the cavernous sinus
  </li>
  <li>Communicates with the pterygoid plexus</li>
</ul>


Orbit and ocular adnexae

Orbital Blood Vessels

Intro

FRCOphth Part 2 Study Notes

Tumours, masses and neoplasia

Tumours overview

Uveitis

Uveitis background

Anterior uveitis

Intermediate uveitis

Uveitis in JIA

Uveitis with JIA

Retinal vasculitis

Sarcoidosis

Behcet's disease

Toxoplasmosis

Strabismus

Overview

Viral uveitis

Esotropia

Fungal uveitis

Mycobacterial uveitis

Adnexal masses

Exotropia

Spirochaetal uveitis (including Syphilis)

Melanoma

Nematode uveitis

Retinoblastoma

Retinoblastoma (for Part 2)

Incomitent

Voyt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome

Conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia

Vertical deviations

Orbit

Sympathetic ophthalmia

AV Malformations and hamartomas

Arteriovenous malformations and hamartomas

Restriction syndromes

Paediatrics

Leucocoria

Congenital Cataract

Paediatric Glaucoma

Retinopathy of prematurity

Retinopathy of Prematurity

ROP-like disorders

Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction

White dot syndromes

Aniridia: Short Arm 11 Deletion (11p13)

Choristomas

Management Of Amblyopia

Alphabet patterns

Iris Nodules

Scleritis

Meningioma

Strabismus surgery

Optic nerve glioma

Lymphoma

Extraocular Muscles

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Idiopathic orbital inflammation

Orbital neuroblastoma

Anterior Persistent Foetal Vasculature

Lacrimal system

Metastatic lesions

Surgical Retina

Retinal Detachment

Vitreoretinal Interface And Macular Hole

Epiretinal Membrane

Medical Retina

Diabetic Eye Disease

Retinal Vascular Disease

Macular Degeneration

Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (CSCR)

Sickle Cell Retinopathy

Retinitis Pigmentosa

Albinism

Retinal Telangiectasias

Miscellaneous Retinopathies

Atropine And Myopia Progression

Pharmacology

Side Effects Of Systemic Drugs

Foetal Alcohol Syndrome

Neuro-ophthalmology

Optic Neuropathy

Papilloedema

Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

Chiasmal Disorders

Retrochiasmal Disorders

Migraine

Paranasal Sinuses

Supranuclear Motility Disorders

Third Nerve Palsies

Fourth Nerve Palsies

Sixth Nerve Palsies

Seventh Nerve Palsies

Anisocoria

Myasthenia Gravis

Myopathies

Blepharospasm

Functional Visual Loss

Lacrimal Glands

Phakomatoses

Developmental diseases

Tear Film

Eyelids

Blinking

Lid Malpositions

Anterior segment - ocular surface

Conjunctiva

Conjunctivitis

Sclera

Pigmented Conjunctival Lesions

Squamous Cell Carcinoma Of The Conjunctiva

Ocular Cicatricial Pemphigoid

Cornea

Corneal Structure And Development