
<ul>
  <li>Each chromosome replicates</li>
  <li>Daughter cells are formed with 46 chromosomes (diploid)</li>
  <li>Most mammalian cells have a cell cycle of 24 hours:</li>
  <ul>
    <li>G0 stage where the cell is quiescent</li>
    <ul>
      <li>Some cell types are permanently stopped in G0.</li>
    </ul>
    <li>M stage: mitosis occupies 1 hour</li>
    <ul>
      <li>Vincristine acts on tubulin which is essential during this phase</li>
    </ul>
    <li>G1: first gap phase with biosynthetic activity (variable duration)</li>
    <li>
      S phase: synthesis of DNA and chromosomal replication to form two daughter chromatids (6-8
      hours)
    </li>
    <ul>
      <li>Methotrexate is a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor active during this phase</li>
    </ul>
    <li>
      G2: second gap phase with preparation for division (cell almost doubles its total mass before
      the next mitosis)
    </li>
  </ul>
</ul>
<ul>
  <li>Interphase: resting</li>
  <ul>
    <li>This comprises G1, S and G2.</li>
  </ul>
  <li>The following phases are all within M (mitosis)</li>
  <ul>
    <li>Prophase: chromosome condense and become visible</li>
    <ul>
      <li>Nucleolus disappears</li>
      <li>Mitotic spindles form</li>
      <li>Kinetochores at the centromeres facilitate attachment to the microtubules</li>
    </ul>
    <li>Metaphase: chromosomes aligned in the equatorial plane</li>
    <li>Anaphase: centromere divides with chromatid separation at the centromere</li>
    <ul>
      <li>Chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell</li>
    </ul>
    <li>Telophase: reformation of the nuclear membranes</li>
    <ul>
      <li>Decondensation of the chromosomes</li>
      <li>Cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm)</li>
    </ul>
  </ul>
</ul>
<ul>
  <li>Cyclins:</li>
  <ul>
    <li>Regulatory subunits within cells regulating cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK)</li>
    <li>Nine different examples</li>
    <li>
      Drive the cell through the stages of the cell cycle via phosphorylation of protein substrates
    </li>
    <li>Retinoblastoma protein is one substrate</li>
  </ul>
</ul>


Genetics

Mitosis

Intro

FRCOphth Part 1 Study Notes

Orbit and ocular adnexae

Orbit

Extraocular Muscles

Orbital Blood Vessels

Paranasal Sinuses

Lacrimal Glands

Tear Film

Eyelids

Blinking

Anterior segment - ocular surface

Conjunctiva

Conjunctivitis

Sclera

Cornea

Corneal Structure And Development

Corneal Physiology

AC to Lens

Angle

Ciliary Body

Aqueous Humour Dynamics

Iris

Pupil

Lens

Posterior segment

Choroid

Vitreous

Retinal Macrostructure

Neurosensory Retina

Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Neuroanatomy

Venous Sinuses

Cerebral Ventricles

Cerebral Blood Supply

Supranuclear Gaze Pathways

Head And Neck Autonomic Nervous Supply

Head And Neck Glands

Osteology

Nerves

Muscles And Pharyngeal Arches

Extraocular Nerves

Sensory Nerves

Physiology

Physics Of Blood Flow

Neuronal Control Of Blood Vessels

Oxygen-Haemoglobin Dissociation Curve

Cytochrome p450

Pituitary Gland

Thyroid Hormone Production

Insulin

Glucagon

Parathyroid Hormone

Corticosteroids

Catecholamines

Cardiac Cycle

Renal Physiology

Fluid Balance

Acid-Base Balance

Muscle Physiology

Sensory Fibres

Cutaneous Receptors

Endocytosis

Glycosaminoglycans

Condensed Ocular Biochemistry

Eye Movements

Accomodation

Vision

Visual Cycle And Phototransuction

Visual Pathway

Visual Acuity

Colour Vision

Binocular Vision

Pathology

Collagen

Tissue Damage

Inflammation

Disease Entities

Wound Healing

Thrombosis / Atherosclerosis

Cell Growth

Neoplasia

Histopathology

Nystagmus

Free Radicals And Antioxidants

Immunology

Ocular Immunology

Microbiology

Viral Infections

Bacterial Infections

Fungal Infections

Protozoa

Nematodes

Antimicrobials

Chromosomes

Meiosis

Genes

Polypeptide Synthesis

Histones

MicroRNA

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Mutations

Chromosome Defects

Autosomal Inheritance

X-Linked Inheritance

Mitochondrial Inheritance

Multifactorial Inheritance