
## Stem cells
<ul>
  <li>Arise during the embryonic period and produce daughter cells&nbsp;</li>
  <li>Subtypes:</li>
  <ul>
    <li>Multipotent: give rise to many different cell types</li>
    <li>Unipotent: limbal stem cells can only give rise to corneal epithelial cells</li>
  </ul>
  <li>Stem cells are found in specific sites within tissues</li>
</ul>

## Growth factors
<ul>
  <li>Epidermal growth factor: autocrine control of corneal epithelial turnover</li>
  <ul>
    <li>Stimulates corneal epithelial migration and proliferation</li>
  </ul>
  <li>Transforming growth factor beta: three forms and many roles</li>
  <ul>
    <li>Inhibits epithelial proliferation</li>
    <li>Differentiation of conjunctival to corneal epithelium</li>
    <li>Proliferation of stromal fibroblasts</li>
    <li>Increased collagen synthesis</li>
  </ul>
  <li>Platelet derived growth factor: limbal stem cell proliferation</li>
  <li>Fibroblast growth factor: epithelial and fibroblast proliferation</li>
</ul>

## Extracellular matrix
<ul>
  <li>Collagen</li>
  <li>Laminin</li>
  <ul>
    <li>Located in basal lamina</li>
    <li>Re-synthesised within 48 hours of corneal trauma under migrating cells</li>
  </ul>
  <li>Fibronectin</li>
  <ul>
    <li>On the stromal side of Descemet&rsquo;s membrane</li>
    <li>Promotes adhesion between cells via integrins</li>
    <li>Stimulated by EGF and TGF</li>
    <li>
      Deposited on bare stromal surface within moments of epithelial injury to act as a temporary
      scaffold
    </li>
  </ul>
  <li>Integrins</li>
  <ul>
    <li>Transmembrane glycoproteins present in almost all cells</li>
    <li>Mediate cell-ECM and cell-cell attachments</li>
    <li>Can also convey biochemical signals</li>
    <li>Disruption of normal integrin-ECM interactions prevents normal eye development</li>
  </ul>
</ul>


Stem cells Arise during the embryonic period and produce daughter cells Subtypes: Multipotent: give rise to many different cell types Unipotent: limbal…

Pathology

Cell Growth

Intro

FRCOphth Part 1 Study Notes

Orbit and ocular adnexae

Orbit

Extraocular Muscles

Orbital Blood Vessels

Paranasal Sinuses

Lacrimal Glands

Tear Film

Eyelids

Blinking

Anterior segment - ocular surface

Conjunctiva

Conjunctivitis

Sclera

Cornea

Corneal Structure And Development

Corneal Physiology

AC to Lens

Angle

Ciliary Body

Aqueous Humour Dynamics

Iris

Pupil

Lens

Posterior segment

Choroid

Vitreous

Retinal Macrostructure

Neurosensory Retina

Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Neuroanatomy

Venous Sinuses

Cerebral Ventricles

Cerebral Blood Supply

Supranuclear Gaze Pathways

Head And Neck Autonomic Nervous Supply

Head And Neck Glands

Osteology

Nerves

Muscles And Pharyngeal Arches

Extraocular Nerves

Sensory Nerves

Physiology

Physics Of Blood Flow

Neuronal Control Of Blood Vessels

Oxygen-Haemoglobin Dissociation Curve

Cytochrome p450

Pituitary Gland

Thyroid Hormone Production

Insulin

Glucagon

Parathyroid Hormone

Corticosteroids

Catecholamines

Cardiac Cycle

Renal Physiology

Fluid Balance

Acid-Base Balance

Muscle Physiology

Sensory Fibres

Cutaneous Receptors

Endocytosis

Glycosaminoglycans

Condensed Ocular Biochemistry

Eye Movements

Accomodation

Vision

Visual Cycle And Phototransuction

Visual Pathway

Visual Acuity

Colour Vision

Binocular Vision

Collagen

Tissue Damage

Inflammation

Disease Entities

Wound Healing

Thrombosis / Atherosclerosis

Neoplasia

Histopathology

Nystagmus

Free Radicals And Antioxidants

Immunology

Ocular Immunology

Microbiology

Viral Infections

Bacterial Infections

Fungal Infections

Protozoa

Nematodes

Antimicrobials

Genetics

Chromosomes

Mitosis

Meiosis

Genes

Polypeptide Synthesis

Histones

MicroRNA

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Mutations

Chromosome Defects

Autosomal Inheritance

X-Linked Inheritance

Mitochondrial Inheritance

Multifactorial Inheritance